Note-Taking Strategies: Encoding vs. External Storage Functions
How the act of writing and the act of reviewing serve different memory systems—and why both matter
Attention and Learning: Managing the Scarcest Classroom Resource
Why attention isn't a student problem—it's an instructional design problem with evidence-based solutions
Reconsolidation: How Remembering Can Change Memories
Every act of recall reopens a memory for editing—and educators can use that window deliberately
The Pretesting Effect: Learning from Questions You Can't Answer
Why answering questions wrong before instruction helps students learn more than studying directly
Memory for Skills vs. Facts: Implications for Different Learning Goals
Your brain learns skills and facts through separate systems—instruction that ignores this wastes effort on both.
Rehearsal Strategies: Beyond Rote Repetition
Why repetition alone rarely creates lasting memories—and what actually works instead
Emotional Influences on Memory: Beyond Content to Feeling
Why how students feel during learning shapes what they remember as powerfully as what they're taught
Feedback That Sticks: Timing and Format in Educational Correction
Research shows faster feedback isn't always better—what matters is matching timing and format to learning goals.
Assessment as Learning: Designing Tests That Teach
Every test is a teaching moment—the questions you ask shape what students actually learn.
Context-Dependent Memory: Why Where You Learn Matters
Research shows learning environments become retrieval cues—and varied practice builds knowledge that transfers beyond the classroom.
Prior Knowledge: The Most Powerful Predictor of New Learning
What students already know shapes everything they can learn next
Dual Coding: Combining Verbal and Visual Processing for Deeper Learning
How strategic pairing of words and images creates multiple memory pathways—and why simply adding visuals often backfires.
The Generation Effect: Why Creating Beats Consuming
Why struggling to produce your own answers builds stronger memories than receiving them ready-made
Errorful Learning: When Making Mistakes Enhances Memory
Research reveals that strategic errors followed by timely correction can strengthen memory more than error-free instruction—when designed thoughtfully.
Transfer of Learning: Why Students Struggle to Apply What They Know
Why knowledge stays trapped in the classroom and how instructional design can build bridges to real-world application
Elaborative Interrogation: The Power of Asking Why
Research shows that prompting learners to explain why transforms passive exposure into lasting understanding and reveals hidden comprehension gaps.
Interleaving Practice: Why Mixing Topics Beats Blocked Learning
Research shows mixing problem types during practice builds stronger discrimination skills and better long-term retention than mastering one topic at a time.
The Testing Effect: Why Retrieval Practice Outperforms Re-Reading
Research reveals that the effort of remembering strengthens learning far more than passive review ever could
Spacing vs. Massing: The Distribution of Practice That Transforms Retention
Why strategic forgetting between practice sessions produces dramatically better long-term retention than concentrated study blocks.
Why Students Forget What They Just Learned: The Critical Role of Memory Consolidation
What happens after your lesson ends determines whether students remember it—here's the science of memory consolidation educators need to know.
Working Memory Limits: Designing Instruction That Doesn't Overwhelm
How understanding working memory's severe limits transforms instructional design from overwhelming presentations to learning that actually sticks.