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Planetary Embryo Growth: From Dust to Planetesimals to Protoplanets
Earth Science

Planetary Embryo Growth: From Dust to Planetesimals to Protoplanets

From micrometer grains to lunar-mass embryos: the physics governing planetary assembly across fifteen orders of magnitude

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PlanetForge
8 min read
Ocean World Habitability: Energy Sources Below Ice Shells
Earth Science

Ocean World Habitability: Energy Sources Below Ice Shells

Beneath ice shells, planetary chemistry and orbital physics conspire to create potential cradles for life in eternal darkness.

sunset above body of water
PlanetForge
8 min read
Tidally Locked Worlds: How Orbital Dynamics Shape Habitability
Earth Science

Tidally Locked Worlds: How Orbital Dynamics Shape Habitability

Where eternal day meets endless night, the terminator zones of tidally locked planets may offer refuge for life

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PlanetForge
7 min read
Cryovolcanism: How Ice Worlds Erupt
Earth Science

Cryovolcanism: How Ice Worlds Erupt

Where water becomes magma and ice shells fracture under tidal forces, outer solar system moons reveal alien volcanism

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PlanetForge
8 min read
Crustal Dichotomy: Mars' Most Fundamental Mystery
Earth Science

Crustal Dichotomy: Mars' Most Fundamental Mystery

A five-kilometer elevation drop splits Mars in half—and planetary scientists still cannot explain why.

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PlanetForge
6 min read
Exoplanet Atmospheres: Reading Alien Air Through Transit Spectroscopy
Earth Science

Exoplanet Atmospheres: Reading Alien Air Through Transit Spectroscopy

How filtering starlight through alien atmospheres reveals molecular fingerprints across interstellar distances

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PlanetForge
7 min read
Magnetospheric Architecture: How Planetary Magnetic Fields Shape Space Environments
Earth Science

Magnetospheric Architecture: How Planetary Magnetic Fields Shape Space Environments

From liquid iron cores to superionic water shells, planetary dynamos create magnetic fortresses that determine which worlds can shelter life from the solar wind.

sunset above body of water
PlanetForge
9 min read
The Collision That Created Earth's Moon: Reconstructing Giant Impacts
Earth Science

The Collision That Created Earth's Moon: Reconstructing Giant Impacts

Isotopic puzzles and competing hypotheses reveal that reconstructing the giant impact requires rethinking planetary collision dynamics entirely.

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PlanetForge
8 min read
Atmospheric Escape: Why Some Worlds Lose Their Air
Earth Science

Atmospheric Escape: Why Some Worlds Lose Their Air

Thermal velocities, solar wind interactions, and magnetic fields combine to determine which worlds retain their atmospheres and which lose them to space over billions of years.

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PlanetForge
9 min read
The Water Story of Mars: From Oceans to Desiccation
Earth Science

The Water Story of Mars: From Oceans to Desiccation

How isotopes, minerals, and ancient valleys reveal the fate of Martian water across four billion years of planetary evolution.

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PlanetForge
7 min read
Core Formation: The Violent Process That Makes Planets Habitable
Earth Science

Core Formation: The Violent Process That Makes Planets Habitable

How the violent descent of iron to planetary centers releases energy that powers magnetic shields, drives volcanism, and determines whether worlds can sustain life for billions of years.

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PlanetForge
8 min read
Volcanic Resurfacing: How Worlds Erase Their Cratering History
Earth Science

Volcanic Resurfacing: How Worlds Erase Their Cratering History

From Venus's catastrophic overturn to Io's hyperactive volcanism, planetary resurfacing rates reveal how worlds manage their internal heat and geological destiny.

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PlanetForge
8 min read
Why Planets Migrate: The Solar System's Hidden Orbital History
Earth Science

Why Planets Migrate: The Solar System's Hidden Orbital History

Discover how ancient gravitational chaos among giant planets delivered Earth's oceans and shaped the conditions that made life possible.

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PlanetForge
7 min read
Planetary Ring Formation: The Physics of Debris Disks Around Planets
Earth Science

Planetary Ring Formation: The Physics of Debris Disks Around Planets

Inside the Roche limit where moons cannot exist, tidal physics creates the solar system's most spectacular debris disks through catastrophic disruption and resonant sculpting.

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PlanetForge
8 min read
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