Technical Barriers to Trade: When Standards Become Obstacles
How product standards and conformity assessment shape the hidden architecture of global market access
The Geopolitics of Trade Agreement Sequencing
How the timing of trade deals shapes the rules of global commerce before the text is even written
How Tariff Classification Determines Trade Outcomes
How six-digit product codes create billion-dollar commercial consequences at every border crossing
The Political Economy of Trade Agreement Ratification
Why legislatures increasingly reject trade deals their executives negotiate, and what it means for global commerce
Geographical Indications: European Offensive or Legitimate Protection
How competing legal philosophies over place-based product terms became a defining battleground in modern trade negotiations
Trade Agreement Dispute Settlement Design Choices
How the architecture of trade dispute resolution shapes the meaning of international economic commitments
The Role of Private Standards in Trade
How corporate sourcing requirements now shape market access beyond the reach of WTO disciplines
How Rules of Origin Shape Global Value Chain Geography
The technical provisions that quietly determine where global manufacturing locates and who captures its value
The Institutional Architecture of EU Trade Policy
How supranational governance, competence allocation, and transparency reforms shape the world's largest trading bloc
How Antidumping Became the Weapon of Choice in Trade Disputes
From surgical remedy against predation to the go-to instrument for protecting domestic industries from competitive imports.
Sanitary Standards as Trade Barriers: Legitimate Protection or Disguised Protectionism
How WTO law forces nations to prove their food safety measures rest on science, not protectionist pretense
Trade Remedies in the Age of Global Value Chains
When trade remedies designed for vertically integrated industries meet fragmented global production, protection becomes self-inflicted harm.
Digital Trade Provisions: Mapping the Emerging Regulatory Framework
How competing regulatory philosophies embedded in trade agreements are shaping the contested architecture of global digital commerce governance.
How Trade Agreements Address Currency Manipulation
Why currency manipulation escapes trade disciplines and whether USMCA's pioneering provisions can finally bridge the institutional divide between trade law and monetary governance.
Why Investment Treaty Arbitration Faces Legitimacy Crisis
How procedural dysfunction and regulatory chill combine to threaten the institutional foundations of international investment law.
The Economics of Trade Agreement Spaghetti Bowls
Why hundreds of trade agreements may be raising costs faster than they're cutting tariffs, and what institutional design can do about it.
Trade Finance Architecture: The Invisible Infrastructure of Global Commerce
Understanding why letters of credit, insurance guarantees, and supply chain financing determine who can actually participate in international trade—beyond tariffs and quotas.
Why WTO Dispute Settlement Remains Essential Despite Its Crisis
The multilateral trading system's enforcement mechanism faces existential crisis—understanding why it matters reveals what's at stake for global commerce.
Why Most Free Trade Agreements Remain Underutilized
Billions in negotiated tariff savings go unclaimed annually because compliance costs exceed benefits—understanding why transforms how you evaluate trade agreements.
Agricultural Subsidies and Global Food System Distortions
How WTO agricultural disciplines became a sophisticated framework for legitimizing the subsidies they were designed to constrain
Why Services Trade Liberalization Remains Institutionally Incomplete
The architectural flaws that prevented services from achieving goods-like liberalization now constrain digital trade governance design.