What Happens Inside a Black Hole? Quantum Gravity at the Singularity
Classical gravity guarantees singularities exist — quantum gravity guarantees they cannot
The Swampland: Charting Impossible Physics From Above
Quantum gravity forbids most seemingly consistent theories—and those constraints may reach down to observable physics
Matrix Theory: A Non-Perturbative Definition of M-Theory
How the quantum mechanics of infinite matrices might encode all of eleven-dimensional spacetime and M-theory physics
Conformal Bootstrap: Constraining Theories Without Lagrangians
What if the laws of physics could be derived from pure logic, without ever specifying the fundamental ingredients?
Kaluza-Klein Theory: The Original Extra Dimension Story
How a fifth dimension briefly unified gravity and electromagnetism—and why the idea never died
The Graviton: Hunting the Quantum of Gravity
Why the quantum of gravity must exist, what properties it must have, and why we'll likely never see one
D-Branes Revealed: The Extended Objects That Complete String Theory
How surfaces where strings can end became central to connecting string theory with particle physics
Asymptotic Safety: Can Gravity Heal Its Own Infinities?
Quantum gravity might need no new physics—just a deeper understanding of renormalization at non-perturbative fixed points.
Conformal Field Theory: The Mathematical Language Underlying String Theory
How infinite-dimensional symmetry on a two-dimensional surface determines the dimensionality of spacetime
Black Holes as Laboratories: Testing Quantum Gravity Without Leaving Earth
Where spacetime collapses, the structure of any viable quantum gravity theory faces its most unforgiving examination.
Why Supersymmetry? The Mathematical Necessity Behind Fermion-Boson Symmetry
The unique mathematical extension of spacetime symmetry that implies gravity itself
Spacetime Foam: What Quantum Mechanics Does to Geometry at Planck Scales
At scales twenty orders of magnitude below atoms, spacetime itself dissolves into quantum turbulence
S-Duality: How Weak and Strong Coupling Exchange Identities
Discover how S-duality transforms impossible strong-coupling calculations into tractable problems by exchanging fundamental particles with their magnetic duals.
The Landscape Problem: Why String Theory Predicts 10^500 Possible Universes
String theory's vast multiverse challenges our expectation that fundamental physics uniquely determines nature's constants.
M-Theory: The Hidden Eleven-Dimensional Framework Unifying All String Theories
Discover how five competing string theories revealed themselves as facets of a single eleven-dimensional structure we barely understand.
Extra Dimensions Aren't Science Fiction: How Compactification Shapes Our Universe
Hidden dimensions don't vanish—they curl up and sculpt the forces and particles we call fundamental physics.
Why Strings? The Surprising Logic Behind Abandoning Point Particles
Discover why physicists abandoned zero-dimensional particles for vibrating strings, resolving gravitational infinities and unexpectedly finding gravity itself emerges automatically from the mathematics.
The Holographic Principle: How Gravity Encodes Reality on Boundaries
Black hole physics reveals that reality's information lives on surfaces, not volumes—spacetime may be a holographic projection from quantum boundaries.
Loop Quantum Gravity's Discrete Spacetime: An Alternative Path to Quantum Gravity
Exploring how quantizing geometry itself creates discrete spacetime that naturally resolves the singularities where classical gravity fails.
T-Duality: Why Large and Small Dimensions Are Physically Equivalent
String theory reveals that shrinking a dimension past the string scale is equivalent to enlarging it—fundamentally redefining what distance means.